Performance, Immune Responses, and Blood Biochemistry of Broiler Chickens Fed with Plant Growth Compound
Abstract
Today, medicinal plants and prebiotics are known as growth stimulants and can have beneficial effects on health and performance. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of plant growth promoters and a prebiotic (lactose) on growth performance, immune responses, and blood biochemical parameters in broiler chicks. Seven hundred and fifty Arian broiler chicks (mixed-sex) were allocated to six treatments and five replicates at one day of age. Three plant-based growth promoters (ASRI1, ASRI2, and commercial supplement (Optifeed)) and two dietary prebiotic levels (0 and 1 kg/ton) were evaluated in a completely randomized design with 3×2 factorial arrangements. The results showed that growth performance and humoral and cellular immunities did not differ among experimental treatments; therefore, the herbal compounds ASRI1 and ASRI2 can be used as growth promoters equivalent to the commercial products currently used in the broiler chicken industry. An interaction effect of growth promoter × prebiotic was detected for concentrations of calcium in the serum. Serum calcium concentrations of birds fed ASRI2 and 1 kg/ton prebiotic were greater than those of chickens receiving the commercial growth promoter. Serum triglycerides and VLDL-C concentrations were significantly lower in birds treated with ASRI1 growth promoter compared to those fed with a commercial growth promoter. In conclusion, there was no difference between ASRI1, ASRI2, and Optifeed growth promoters in their effectiveness as promoters of growth and immunity of broiler chicks.
References
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Ajuwon, K. M. 2015. Toward a better understanding of mechanisms of probiotics and prebiotics action in poultry species. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 25: 277-283. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfv074
AOAC. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 18th ed. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., Arlington.
Assiri, A. M., K. Elbanna, H. H. Abulreesh, & M. F. Ramadan. 2016. Bioactive compounds of cold-pressed thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oil with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. J. Oleo Sci. 65: 629-640. https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess16042
Attia, Y. A., A. A. Bakhashwain, & N. K. Bertu. 2017. Thyme oil (Thyme vulgaris) as a natural growth promoter for broiler chickens reared under hot climate. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 16: 275-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2016.1245594
Attia, Y. A., R. S. Hamed, A. A. El-Hamid, H. A. Shahba, & F. Bovera. 2015. Effect of inulin and mannan-oligosaccharides compared with zinc-bacitracin on growing performance, nutrient digestibility and hematological profiles of growing rabbits. Anim. Prod. Sci. 55: 80-86. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN13286
Badiei, K., K. Mostaghni, M. Pourjafar, M. Ghane, & E. Mohammadi. 2011. Serum thyroid hormones and trace element concentrations in crossbred Holstein cattle naturally infected with Theileria annulata. Compar. Haematol. Int. 20: 115-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-010-0962-0
Baighi, G. F. & A. Nobakht. 2017. The effects of different levels of saturated and unsaturated fats and their composition in growing and finishing periods on productive performance and blood lipids of broilers. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 7: 329-336.
Baurhoo, B., A. Letellier, X. Zhao, & C. A. Ruiz-Feria. 2007. Cecal populations of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria and Escherichia coli populations after in vivo Escherichia coli challenge in birds fed diets with purified lignin or mannanoligosaccharides. Poult. Sci. 86: 2509-2516. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2007-00136
Bento, M. H., A. C. Ouwehand, K. Tiihonen, S. Lahtinen, P. Nurminen, M. T. Saarinen, H. Schulze, T. Mygind, & J. Fischer. 2013. Essential oils and their use in animal feeds for monogastric animals-Effects on feed quality, gut microbiota, growth performance and food safety: a review. Vet. Med. 58: 449-458. https://doi.org/10.17221/7029-VETMED
Cai, S. J., C. X. Wu, L. M. Gong, T. Song, H. Wu, & L. Y. Zhang. 2012. Effects of nano-selenium on performance, meat quality, immune function, oxidation resistance, and tissue selenium content in broilers. Poult. Sci. 91: 2532-2539. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02160
Delhanty, J. J. & J. B. Solomon. 1966. The nature of antibodies to goat erythrocytes in the developing chicken. Immunol. 11: 103-113.
Fallah, R. & E. Mirzaei. 2016. Effect of dietary inclusion of turmeric and thyme powders on performance, blood parameters and immune system of broiler chickens. Livest. Sci. 7: 180-186.
Faramarzi, S., M. H. Bozorgmehrifard, A. Khaki, H. Moomivand, M. S. Ezati, S. Rasoulinezhad, A. J. Bahnamiri, & B. R. Dizaji. 2013. Study on the effect of Thymus vulgaris essential oil on humoral immunity and performance of broiler chickens after La Sota vaccination. Ann. Biol. Res. 4: 290-294.
Friedewald, W. T, R. I. Levy, & D. S. Fredrickson. 1972. Estimation of the concentration of LDL-C in plasma without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin. Chem. 18: 499-502. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499
Ghalamkari, G. H., M. Toghyani, E. Tavalaeian, N. Landy, Z. Ghalamkari, & H. Radnezhad. 2011. Efficiency of different levels of Satureja hortensis L. (Savory) in comparison with an antibiotic growth promoter on performance, carcass traits, immune responses and serum biochemical parameters in broiler chickens. African J. Biotechnol. 10: 13318-13323.
Ghazvinian, K., A.R. Seidavi, F. Laudadio, M. Ragni, & V. Tufarelli. 2018. Effects of various levels of organic acids and of virginiamycin on performance, blood parameters, immunoglobulins and microbial population of broiler chicks. S. Afr. J. Anim Sci. 48: 961-967. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v48i5.16
Gopi, M., K. Karthik, H. V. Manjunathachar, P. Tamilmahan, M. Kesavan, M. Dashprakash, B. Lingaraju Balaraju, & M. R. Purushothaman. 2014. Essential oils as a feed additive in poultry nutrition. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2014.2.1.1.7
Hady, M. M., M. M. Zaki, W. Abd El-Ghany, & M. S. Korany Reda. 2013. Assessment of the broilers performance, gut healthiness and carcass characteristics in response to dietary inclusion of dried coriander, turmeric and thyme. Int. J. Environ. Agric. Res. 2: 153-159.
Hajati, H., A. Gilani, & S. Seifi. 2019. Scrutinizing of a liquid prebiotic on growth performance and internal organs of Japanese quail. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 9: 557-563.
Hashemi, S. R., I. Zulkifli, M. Hair Bejo, A. Farida, & M. N. Somchit. 2008. Acute toxicity study and phytochemical screening of selected herbal aqueous extract in broiler chickens. Int. J. Pharmacol. 4: 352-360. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2008.352.360
Houshmand, M., K. Azhar, I. Zulkifli, M.H. Bejo, A. & Kamyab. 2012. Effects of prebiotic, protein level, and stocking density on performance, immunity, and stress indicators of broilers. Poult Sci. 91: 393-401. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-01050
Huang, Q., Y. Wei, Y. Lv, Y. Wang, & T. Hu. 2015. Effect of dietary inulin supplements on growth performance and intestinal immunological parameters of broiler chickens. Livest. Sci. 180: 172-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2015.07.015
Janardhana, V., M. M. Broadway, M. P. Bruce, J. W. Lowenthal, M. S. Geier, R. J. Hughes, & A. G. Bean. 2009. Prebiotics modulate immune responses in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue of chickens. J. Nutr. 139: 1404-1409. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.105007
Jones, F. A. & P. D. Bark. 1979. Chemical Diagnosis of Disease. 1st ed. Biomedical press, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford.
Karadas, F., V. Pirgozliev, S. P. Rose, D. Dimitrov, O. Oduguwa, & D. Bravo. 2014. Dietary essential oils improve the hepatic antioxidative status of broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 55: 329-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2014.891098
Krishan, G. & A. Narang. 2014. Use of essential oils in poultry nutrition: A new approach. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res. 1: 156-62. https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2014.a36
Lotfi, K., A. Mahdavi, A. Jebelli Javan, H. Staji, & B. Darabighane. 2019. Effects of different levels of resistant starch on growth performance and ileum morphology in broilers: A comparison to fructooligosaccharide and zinc bacitracin. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 9: 315-322.
Mahboubi, M., N. Kazempour, & M. Valian. 2013. Antimicrobial activity of natural Respitol-B and its main components against poultry microorganisms. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 19: 1065-1068. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2013.1065.1068
Mašek, T., K. Starčević, & Ž. Mikulec. 2014. The influence of the addition of thymol, tannic acid or gallic acid to broiler diet on growth performance, serum malondialdehyde value and cecal fermentation. Yeast. 5: 5-10. https://doi.org/10.1399/eps.2014.64
Mehrabi, Z., F. Firouzbakhsh, & A. Jafarpour. 2011. Effects of dietary supplementation of synbiotic on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters and carcass composition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 96: 474-481. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01167.x
Nazzaro, F., F. Fratianni, L. De Martino, R. Coppola, & V. De Feo. 2013. Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharmaceutic. 6: 1451-1474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph6121451
Ohimain, E. I. & R. T. Ofongo. 2012. The effect of probiotic and prebiotic feed supplementation on chicken health and gut microflora: a review. Int. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 4: 135-143.
Poorghasemi, M, M. Chamani, S. Z. Mirhosseini, A. A. Sadeghi, & A. Seidavi. 2017. Effect of probiotic and different sources of fat on performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal morphology and ghrelin gene expression on broiler chickens. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 24: 169-178.
Poorghasemi, M, A. R. Seidavi, & A. A. A. Qotbi. 2013. Investigation on fat source effects on broiler chickens performance. Res. J. Biotechnol. 8: 78-82.
Poorghasemi, M, A. R. Seidavi, A. A. A. Qotbi, J. R. Chambers, V. Laudadio, & V. Tufarelli. 2015. Effect of dietary fat source on humoral immunity response of broiler chickens. Eur. Poult. Sci. 79: 1-8.
Pourabedin, M., Z. Xu, B. Baurhoo, E. Chevaux, & X. Zhao. 2014. Effects of mannan oligosaccharide and virginiamycin on the cecal microbial community and intestinal morphology of chickens raised under suboptimal conditions. Can. J. Microbiol. 60: 255-266. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2013-0899
Pournazari, M., A. A. Qotbi & A. Seidavi, & M. Corazzin. 2017. Prebiotics, probiotics and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) for broilers: performance, carcass traits and blood variables. Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Pecu. 30: 3-10. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.v30n1a01
Rahimi, S., Z. Teymouri Zadeh, M. A. Karimi Torshizi, R. Omidbaigi, & H. Rokni. 2011. Effect of the three herbal extracts on growth performance, immune system, blood factors and intestinal selected bacterial population in broiler chickens. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 13: 527-539.
Saleh, N., T. Allam, A. A. El-Latif, & E. Ghazy. 2014. The effects of dietary supplementation of different levels of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) essential oils on performance, hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters of broiler chickens. Global. Vet. 12: 736-744. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.gv.2014.12.06.83189
Sethiya, N. K. 2016. Review on natural growth promoters available for improving gut health of poultry: an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. Asian J. Poult. Sci. 10: 1-29. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajpsaj.2016.1.29
Simitzis, P. E. 2017. Enrichment of animal diets with essential oils-a great perspective on improving animal performance and quality characteristics of the derived products. Medicines. 4: 35-41. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4020035
Sims, M. D., K. A. Dawson, K. E. Newman, P. Spring, & D. M. Hoogell. 2004. Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharide, bacitracin methylene disalicylate, or both on the live performance and intestinal microbiology of turkeys. Poult. Sci. 83: 1148-54. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.7.1148
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Authors
Mohseni GharechopoghA., FakhraeiJ., HosseiniS. A., Mansoori YarahmadiH., & LotfollahianH. (2021). Performance, Immune Responses, and Blood Biochemistry of Broiler Chickens Fed with Plant Growth Compound. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 44(1), 62-70. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2021.44.1.62
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