Potential Environmental Impact of Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil using LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) in Indonesia
Abstract
Primary energy production in Indonesia in 2018 consisting of petroleum, natural gas, coal and renewable energy reached 1,504 million BOE (Barrel of Oil Equivalent). Dependence on the use of fuel oil (BBM), especially in the transportation sector, is still high. The global commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions encourages the Indonesian government to support the role of new and renewable energy. Life cycle assessment (LCA) has become a popular technique applied to evaluate the environmental impact, energy consumption and GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions of biofuel production. To evaluate the life cycle impact of biodiesel, many steps have to be considered including land use change, plantation, milling, refining, fuel conversion. There have been several studies reporting the life cycle of palm oil production. However, most of them are still focused on GHG emissions and energy needs. Therefore, this paper will present LCA with broader impact categories of biodiesel production in Indonesia from the plantation phase to the production phase. Based on the analysis carried out, it can be concluded that the main contributor to the environmental impact of biodiesel production is the use of fertilizers at the plantation stage and the transesterification process at the biodiesel plant
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Achten WMJ, Vandenbempt P, Almeida J, Mathijs E, Muys B. 2010. Life cycle assessment of a palm oil system with simultaneous production of biodiesel and cooking oil in Cameroon. Environ Sci Technol. 44(12):4809–4815.
BPPT. 2020. Dampak Pandemi COVID-19 terhadap Sektor Energi di Indonesia. Jakarta: Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi.
Choo YM, Muhamad H, Hashim Z, Subramaniam V, Puah CW, Tan Y. 2011. Determination of GHG contributions by subsystems in the oil palm supply chain using the LCA approach. Int J Life Cycle Assess. 16(7):669–681.
DEN. 2019. Indonesia Energy Outlook. Dewan Energi Nasional.
Dewani AP, Boer R, Jannah N. 2014. Analisis jejak karbon agribisnis sawit untuk menyusun arahan strategi dan program CSR. J Pengelolaan Sumberd Alam dan Lingkung Vol 4 No 1 (Juli 2014) 96 - 104. 4(1):96–104.
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FAOStat. 2020. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United State-Statistic. [accessed 2021 Feb 3]. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.
Harsono SS, Prochnow A, Grundmann P, Hansen A, Hallmann C. 2012. Energy balances and greenhouse gas emissions of palm oil biodiesel in I ndonesia. GCB Bioenergy. 4(2):213–228.
Hassan MNA, Jaramillo P, Griffin WM. 2011. Life cycle GHG emissions from Malaysian oil palm bioenergy development: The impact on transportation sector’s energy security. Energy Policy. 39(5):2615–2625.
ISO. 2006a. ISO Norm 14040: life cycle assessment: principles and framework, environmental management. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html.
ISO. 2006b. ISO Norm 14044: life cycle assessment: requirements and guidelines, environmental management. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:14044:en.
KESDM. 2019. Handbook of Energy & Economic Ststistics of Indonesia. Jakarta: Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral.
KLHK. 2020. Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Indonesia dan Penerapan Carbon Pricing. Jakarta.
LCANZ. 2015. Impact Category. Photochemical oxidation Potential Brief.
Losacco C, Perillo A. 2018. Particulate matter air pollution and respiratory impact on humans and animals. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 25(34):33901–33910.
Maharjan S, Wang WC, Teah HY. 2017. Life cycle assessment of palm-derived biodiesel in Taiwan. Clean Technol Environ Policy. 19(4):959–969. doi:10.1007/s10098-016-1290-0.
Nazir N, Setyaningsih D. 2010. Life cycle assessment of biodiesel production from palm oil and Jatropha oil in Indonesia. In: 7th Biomass Asia Workshop, November.
Pleanjai S, Gheewala SH. 2009. Full chain energy analysis of biodiesel production from palm oil in Thailand. Appl Energy. 86:S209–S214.
Ramdhani M, Yani M, Ismayana A. 2019. Analisis Emisi GRK dan Konversi Energi pada Produksi Minyak Jarak (Ricinus communis L.) dengan Metode Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). J Pengelolaan Sumberd Alam dan Lingkung (Journal Nat Resour Environ Manag. 9(3):680–691. doi:10.29244/jpsl.9.3.680-691.
Reijnders L, Huijbregts MAJ. 2011. Nitrous oxide emissions from liquid biofuel production in life cycle assessment. Curr Opin Environ Sustain. 3(5):432–437.
Rodrigues TO, Caldeira-Pires A, Luz S, Frate CA. 2014. GHG balance of crude palm oil for biodiesel production in the northern region of Brazil. Renew Energy. 62:516–521.
Sampattagul S, Nutongkaew P, Kiatsiriroat T. 2011. Life cycle assessment of palm oil biodiesel production in Thailand. J Renew Energy Smart Grid Technol. 6(1):1–14.
Schebek L, Mizgajski JT, Schaldach R, Wimmer F. 2018. Land-Use Change and CO2 Emissions Associated with Oil Palm Expansion in Indonesia by 2020. :49–59. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65687-8_5.
Siangjaeo S, Gheewala SH, Unnanon K, Chidthaisong A. 2011. Implications of land use change on the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from palm biodiesel production in Thailand. Energy Sustain Dev. 15(1):1–7.
Silalertruksa T, Gheewala SH, Pongpat P, Kaenchan P, Permpool N, Lecksiwilai N, Mungkung R. 2017. Environmental sustainability of oil palm cultivation in different regions of Thailand: Greenhouse gases and water use impact. J Clean Prod. 167:1009–1019. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.069.
Siregar K. 2014. Tinjauan Penilaian Siklus Hidup Bahan Bakar Biodiesel di Indonesia. Rona Tek Pertanian, 7(2). 7(2):81–99.
Siregar K, Ichwana, Nasution IS, Sholihati, Sofiah I, Miharza T. 2020. Implementation of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for oil palm industry in Aceh Province, Indonesia. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 542(1). doi:10.1088/1755-1315/542/1/012046.
Siregar K, Sholiati S, Sofiah I, Miharza T, Hendroko Setyobudi R, Anne O, Wahyudi A, Gamawati Adinurani P, Mel M. 2020. Review of Implementation Life Cycle Assessment for Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in Indonesia. E3S Web Conf. 190. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202019000021.
SKK Migas. 2019. Laporan Tahunan 2019-Meningkatkan investasi menuju produksi satu juta BOPD. Jakarta: SKK Migas.
Soraya DF, Gheewala SH, Bonnet S, Tongurai C. 2014. Life cycle assessment of biodiesel from palm oil in Indonesia. Green Energy Technol. 5(9781447153634):95–129. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-5364-1_5.
Souza SP, de Ávila MT, Pacca S. 2012. Life cycle assessment of sugarcane ethanol and palm oil biodiesel joint production. biomass and bioenergy. 44:70–79.
De Souza SP, Pacca S, De Ávila MT, Borges JLB. 2010. Greenhouse gas emissions and energy balance of palm oil biofuel. Renew energy. 35(11):2552–2561.
Teknologi J, Pertanian I, Siregar K, Tambunan AH, Irwant AK, Wirawan SS, Araki T, Siregar K, Tambunan AH, Irwanto AK, et al. 2013. Perbandingan Penilaian Siklus Hidup (Life Cycle Assessment) Produksi Biodiesel Secara Katalis Dari Crude Palm Oil Dan Crude Jatropha Curcas Oil. J Agroindustrial Technol. 23(2):129–141.
USDA. 2019. Indonesia Biofuels Annual Report 2019. Washington, DC.
Vargas-Gómez C-A. 2009. Life cycle analysis of carbon for palm oil in colombia. Científica. 13(2):69–75.
Wahyono Y, Hadiyanto H, Budihardjo MA, Adiansyah JS. 2020. Assessing the environmental performance of palm oil biodiesel production in indonesia: A life cycle assessment approach. Energies. 13(12). doi:10.3390/en13123248.
Yee KF, Tan KT, Abdullah AZ, Lee KT. 2009. Life cycle assessment of palm biodiesel: Revealing facts and benefits for sustainability. Appl Energy. 86(SUPPL. 1):S189–S196. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.04.014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.04.014.
Zutphen JM Van, Wijbrans RA. 2011. LCA GHG emissions in production and combustion of Malaysian palm oil biodiesel. 2:86–92. doi:10.5366/jope.2011.09.
Authors
PamintoA., KaruniasaM. and FrimawatyE. (2022) “Potential Environmental Impact of Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil using LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) in Indonesia”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management). Bogor, ID, 12(1), pp. 64-71. doi: 10.29244/jpsl.12.1.64-71.
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