THE INFLUENCE OF EXTENSION ACTIVITIES ON THE COMPETENCIES OF TRADITIONAL FISHERIES PROCESSING IN LAMPUNG PROVINCE

Extension is an informal learning process that plays an important role in improving fisheries processors competencies. However, current extension activities that have been running so far are felt to be lacking so it is necessary to look at the effectiveness of conducting extension on traditional fisheries business related to methods, media, materials and capabilities of extension agents. This study was aimed to (1) analyze the effectiveness of fisheries extension activities in traditional fisheries processing businesses in Lampung Province, (2) analyze traditional processors competency levels, (3) analyze the effect of extension on processors competencies/capabilities in traditional fisheries processing businesses. This study used a quantitative approach enriched with qualitative analysis. The survey was conducted to obtain primary data using a questionnaire. The research location were in three districts in Lampung Province. The data analysis technique used descriptive and regression analysis. The results of the study were (1) the effectiveness of extension was still low, (2) traditional processors competencies belonged to the low category, and (3) the ability of extension agents affected the development of fisheries processors’ competencies. The effectiveness of extension is still low due to the limited extension methods. Therefore it is important to carry out extension activities with varied methods according to the target needs to improve the competency of traditional fisheries processors.


INTRODUCTION
The amount of fisheries production reached 23,186,442 tonnes in 2017 including 7,071,452 tonnes from capture fisheries and 16,114,991 tonnes from aquaculture (Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries 2018). Fisheries production is processed in modern and traditional ways. Majority of the fisheries production are obtained through traditional ways to meet consumption demand (Junianingsih 2013). Of the 2.7 million fishermen, 95.6 percent of them are traditional fishermen operating around the coast (Asiati and Nawawi 2016). Traditional processors must produce quality processed products in order to compete with products that processed in a modern way.
Several studies suggest that the problems faced in traditional processing fishery products include the availability of raw materials (Talib 2018;Mutiara 2018), technology (Howara 2013;Mutolib et al. 2016;Asiati and Nawawi 2016;Hasyim and Ohoiwutun 2017), facilities and infrastructure (Marwan et al. 2013;Pitoy et al. 2017), and food additives in handling and processing raw materials (Yuliana et al. 2011;Devi et al. 2016), as well as product safety. These problems are related to both technical and managerial competencies of the processors in carrying out their business (Setiawan 2010;Listiana et al. 2019). Qualified technical and managerial competencies could improve the quality of products, resulting in sustainable traditional fisheries processing businesses (Yanfika et al. 2019;Rahayu and Adhi 2016).
Extension is one of the most important external factors in improving competence, because one's competency can be developed through training, seminars received in the extension activities. Fisheries extension needs to be well planned, to improve the ability of processors carrying out their business. Fisheries extension includes aspects of method, material, intensity, and role of extension agents (Amanah 2005;Fatchiya 2010). According to Huda (2010), fisheries extension agents must have the expected capabilities compatible to the characteristics of fish processors, as corroborated by Shinn et al. (2009). The technique of delivering information in fisheries extension needs to be improved combining different extension methods for enhancing knowledge transfer and improve learning in agriculture to increase the skills of processors, improving the welfare of traditional processors in Lampung Province. (Labarthe and Laurent 2013;Prager et al. 2016).
Thus, this research was conducted to (1) analyze the implementation of fisheries extension activities in traditional fisheries processing businesses in Lampung Province; (2) analyze traditional processors competency levels; and (3) analyze the influence of extension activities on the processors competencies/ capabilities in traditional fisheries processing businesses.

MATERIAL AND METHOD
The study was conducted by survey method in three districts in Lampung Province; namely Tanggamus, Pringsewu, and East Lampung Regencies on 2017. The population was traditional fisheries processors (salted, smoked, pemindangan (boiled salting) and fermentation) with a total of 570 processors. The number of samples was determined by the Slovin formula with an error rate of 5%, thus 235 respondents were obtained. The number of samples in each group was determined using proportional random sampling technique (Sevilla et al. 1993).
The data include primary and secondary data. Primary information was obtained from traditional processors of fish salting, fish smoking, pemindangan , and fish fermentation. Information as a support for the main data was obtained from recording data that were available in offices and a number of agencies related to the research objectives.
Questionnaires were made in several forms including multiple choices questions that showed the ranking of answers, and statements with a Likert scale. On a questionnaire with a Likert Scale, each statement provided alternative answers that could be chosen by respondents in accordance with the understanding and experience that had been obtained (1, 2, 3 and 4 Scale).

Data Analysis
Technical data analysis uses descriptive and regression. The variables in this study are the method (X 1 ), media (X 2 ), material (X 3 ), the ability of the extension agent (X 4 ), and the processors competency (Y).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In general, processors gave low rating on the category of extension services. It is suggest that the outcome of extension activities did not reach the processors in three districts of the research location (Yanfika et al. 2018). Field assessment showed the pemindang processors in Pringsewu Regency rarely receive extension activies. In contrast, East Lampung Regency and Tanggamus Regency often receive extension activities. The extension activities were still carried out through top down manner. This system is one of the causes of existing extension has not been able to change the behavior and capabilities of traditional processors in carrying out their business (Amanah 2005;Fatchiya 2010;Helmy 2013;Yuliana et al. 2011;Sapar et al. 2012) The method used in the extension activities was considered unsuitable. Lecture is the only method used during extension activities, while practices or demonstrations are rarely carried out. Traditional fisheries processors consider the self-practice or demonstration very important regarding transfer of knowledge. The use of media in the extension activities was considered inadequate, limited to the use of laptops and LCDs only. The instructor should be able to deliver the material using various types of media. When instructors use Laptops and LCDs, it is better to present pictures/photos, films, booklets, leaflets. (Ruyadi et al. 2017). Since most of the respondents already used mobile phones, it makes sense for extension agents to transfer innovations using electronic media (Anwas et al. 2010;Muntoha et al. 2015). The findings of research are in line with Christian and Subejo (2018)which stated that the use of technology and media is related to the success of extension process.
Materials presented during extension activities were not suitable with the needs of traditional fisheries processors. The materials presented by the instructors were about finance, marketing, and group development, while the traditional fisheries processors need information about good and quality fish processing methods. This gap means that the material received by the processor could not solve the traditional processser problems. This is in line with the results of the study of Asta et al. (2015) which stated that extension materials must be able to meet the needs of farmers. The processors expect the material presented not only in written form, but also using films or photographs that can support the writing.
The respondents considered the extension agents capable in delivering the extenstion activities. The agents also have good communication skills so that the material delivered by extension agents can be well received by the participants of the extension activities. Some traditional fisheries processors stated that the extension agents understand the material by answering questions from traditional fisheries processors and can explain very well, helping the processors to solve problems, make decisions, facilitate processors in finding customers, finding information, and establish relationships with business partners.

The Competencies of Traditional Fisheries Processors
The 89.8% of the traditional fisheries processors were considered having low technical competency. Meanwhile, 73.6% of the processors had low managerial competency. Nevertheless, the social competency of the traditional fisheries processing competencies were mostly in high category (62.6%) ( Table  2).
The results of Mann Whitney's different test analysis found that there were no differences in technical and social competencies from the three districts, while managerial competencies in the three districts indicated different competencies. This could be observed from the value of Asymp. Sig.
(2-tailed) obtained which greater than Y = f(X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 ) .... equation of regression Information: Y: dependent variable f: function X: independent variable Influence of extension activities on the competencies, Yanfika et al. 0.005 and 0.001, it means that there was no difference between competency of processors at Tanggamus, Pringsewu and Lampung. The lowest competency were observed in processors in Tanggamus Regency, followed by Pringsewu Regency, while East Lampung Regency was better than the other districts. Since East Lampung Regency is the center of fisheries and fisheries processor, the traditional fisheries processor in the region often receive training from the provincial/district fisheries service and Lampung University.

Technical Competence
Distribution of respondents based on technical competency can be seen in Table  3. Almost all of fish processors used fish of different size, and do not use illegal additives, but some processors add flavoring ingredients such as turmeric, lemongrass, and bay-leaf especially in processors of pindang tuna in Pringsewu Regency. This practice is conducted to produce pindang which have pleasant smell and taste, while most traditional fish processors only use salt. The results of the observation showed that almost all production sites were safe from pollution, near to clean water supply, has a sewage channel, and accessible. The building where the business is located was easy to clean, even though most of the business premises are in residencial area. The building where the production located also has lighting that tends to be dark. Traditional fisheries processors have used the equipments that were not easily corroded, do not absorb water, and were easy to clean. Processors have arranged the equipment properly, but some of them have not compiled their equipment. They also had separated the equipment used for production, waste, and other materials.
Sanitation used for production has an important role in the production activities. More than 50% of clean water sanitation is in good condition and in accordance with drinking water standards. It also comes from non-hazardous sources. However, packing and labelling was still use wax. Processors have not used packing machines, packaging labels, and did not include halal labels and materials used. Their still use motorcycles to distribute their products and never separate processed products with other products when transporting. Product separation were found in salting businesses using cars and the products were sent out of the regency and province.
Traditional processing managerial competencies of fisheries was categorized into low category because most processors have not conducted management functions. Some processors delegate the work to the employees, but did not educate the  ability of the new employees. In the financial sector, most processors have recorded the circulation of money, and separate business and personal finances, but there were still a large number of processors who have not recorded the financial business and have not separated the business and personal finances (Table 4). In production section, the processor checked the quantity of product stock, but most processors did not check the remaining product.
Most traditional fisheries processors in Pringsewu Regency did not provide holiday allowance to their employees. It is different from fisheries processors in Tanggamus Regency and East Lampung Regency who provide holiday allowance to their employees. Processors carried out promotions to introduce their products by participating in exhibitions or bazaars. Traditional fisheries processors in Tanggamus Regency, Pringsewu Regency and East Lampung Regency sold their products to other districts or to Bandar Lampung. Processors in Tanggamus and Pringsewu Regencies rarely offered special prices, while traditional East Lampung Regency processors often offered special prices if the consumers buy in large quantities. Most processors rarely produced variations in size (Table 4).

Social Competence
Social competencies of traditional fisheries processors were includes the attitude of processors to other processors in terms of raw material supply, similarity in product selling prices, the rising of new competitors and criticism as well as suggestions that arise for products that produced. Participation of the processor in gathering or meeting was low (low category with 46.0%). Processors help each other if there is a shortage of raw materials, if the processor has excess fish to be processed then they share it with processors that do not have fish (high category with 78.7 percent). Due to the higher demand of processed fisheries products, it is no doubt of the emerging of new competitor in the sector. Processors in Tanggamus Regency, Pringsewu Regency and East Lampung Regency were ready to compete with new competitors. The processors have prepared to accept criticism of the products. Most processors in Tanggamus Regency, Pringsewu Regency and all processors in East Lampung Regency improved their products in accordance with the criticism and suggestions received.

Effect of Extension Effectiveness on Competence of Fisheries Processors
Extension is a learning process to improve the knowledge, attitudes and skills of processors so that the processors have high competency. Field facts showed that fisheries processors competencies were influenced by the ability of extension agent. The extension agent ability influenced competency development with the value of β = 0.505, t-value = 8.644 with a significance of 0,0001** (at the level of confidence of 99 percent), while the method, media and material did not affect the competencies.

CONCLUSION
The implementation of extension on traditional fisheries product processor was still not effective, as seen from the methods of extension, media and material that were not suitable for traditional processors. Traditional  fisheries processor competencies were still low, especially in technical and managerial competencies, while traditional fisheries processor social competencies were at a high level. Factor that influence the improvement of fisheries processing competencies was the ability of extension agents. The extension agents ability needs to modify methods, media and extension materials to attract the fisheries product processors and also meet the processors need.