Commercialization of Medicinal Plants in Java Island , Indonesia

The benefit and transaction cost flow which people earn economically and socially from wild medicinal plant harvesting are addressed in this study. The objectives of this study are three aspects defining how many users are : involve medicinal plant raw materials (MPRM), how users describing their perception and d in utilization of motivation and describing benefit and transaction cost which influence users to harvest the plants Results showed . that utilization of medicinal plants in Java is still widely used as commercial products then medical services. There are 41 stakeholders who involved in this study and the highest motivation and perception in production and industrial clusters are economic interest. But stakeholder's perception and motivation in traditional healthcare cluster is social interest. The different motivation and perception in both clusters causing stakeholder who are work in traditional healthcare lack of market information, but they are important if the government will improve the traditional medicine. Recommendation of this study is that medicinal plants need further research and product development which can help to expand the medicinal plant culture area in the natural forest. By this reason, government should develop good political will to increase the medicinal plant resources for public healthcare.


Introduction
Medicinal plants are one of among non timber forest products (NTFPs) which people using directly its raw materials to produce many products which widely found in the local, national or international where village communities collecting raw materials from wild harvest such as from protection, production, and national parks forest in Java Island (Zuhud & Hikmat 2009).Practically, the community develop a group namely pendarung who have skill to harvest medicinal plants from the forest.Each group usually consists of three or four persons with specialization in collecting, climbing tree, or selling products.They go to the forest in the fruiting season of medicinal plants.After harvesting, people sell their medicinal plants directly to a buyer and will earn money as benefit exchanged from the medicinal plants' raw material (Mbuvi et al. 2015).
The first buyers, sometimes called pengepul, sell again that raw material to other buyers and all process creates the supply chain of the raw materials from pendarung to the end users.It is also involve the benefit and transaction cost when exchange of medicinal plant raw materials happened.The process of medicinal plants commerce is continuing and being stopped when the end users consume those medicinal plant products.Certain buyers maximize their benefit and minimize transaction cost, so that the price of raw materials more expensive to the next users and by that modus they earn maximum beneficiaries (Stenley et al. 2012).In this condition, natural forest plays important role as the main supplier of MPRM and people play as users of those resources (FAO 1995).
Our study focused on benefit and transaction cost flow which people earn economic and social benefit from medicinal plants harvesting and trading.These also involve user's perception and motivation to the natural forest when they use interest to MPRM.This study covers three aspects, firstly to define how many users who are involved to the medicinal plant raw materials utilization.Secondly, to identify how the users describe their perception and motivation to the raw material of medicinal plants and thirdly, to describe benefit and transaction cost which influence the users to harvesting the medicinal plants.
clusters.To provide clearer information process of study is illustrated in igure 1.This study was carried out in F November 2014 to August 2015.The strategy to capture data, were purposive approach and after that, continued the snowball technique to start interview to the respondent.This technique also helps us to define the key informant of the user who is participating in medicinal plant activities in each cluster (Marsh Stoker 2011).The smallest unit of key & informant is a stakeholder who has sufficient knowledge n o medicinal plants (species recognition, harvesting time, what part to be collected, purposes, how to process etc).

Production cluster Meru Betiri National Park (MBNP) has been known
the biggest source of medicinal plants as resources in Indonesia.It has 291 species of medicinal plants which people actively use raw material from MBNP as s (Zuhud 2009).sers of medicinal plants in East & Hikmat U Java controlled production and distribution chain of raw materials which one of those flowing out from MBNP. was The raw materials origina from cultivated farm and are lly natural harvesting from forest (Harnock 1992;Hamilton 2004;Brinckmann 2015).In this study, he medicinal plant t raw materials from East Java as production cluster are called because all activit of medicinal plants concentrated on ies are raw material production.ata captured from two D are villages in MBNP i.e.Andongrejo and Curahnongko.Both villages have a community who collects medicinal plant from the natural forest.
embers of that community sell raw M materials of medicinal plant to buyer which lived in both villages, after that, the buyers sell to sub district and it traditional market.

Industry cluster
After East Java, traffic of medicinal plants flow to Central Java and Yogyakarta.The raw materials of medicinal plant are proceeding to other products in Sukoharjo District.Users applied modern manufacture technology to extract raw materials and develop into herbal product and sell all herbal products in traditional herbal market namely "Pasar Nguter".It is the biggest traditional herbal market in Indonesia which services all buyers of herbal products.They come from several provinces in Indonesia, such as Jambi, North Sumatera, East Nusa Tenggara, South Sulawesi etc.Then, they resell the herbal products, generally in beverage form, to those provinces.Activities in herbal industries have increased income of local community, hence the industries an economic driver in Sukoharjo District by providing employment.Furthermore, Indonesia central government developed herbal industries in Sukoharjo District, then stated Sukoharjo District as "Kabupaten Jamu" in April 2015.All programs related are supervised by Coordinator Ministry of Economic of Republic Indonesia.In the study, herbal industries ware defined as industry cluster.From this cluster, it is hoped that distribution of raw material could be described.The data captured in Nguter village where herbal manufactures are developed.Dominantly, they are small-medium scale manufactured (Torri 2012).

Healthcare cluster
The other study area is Yogyakarta Province.In this location, found that people it was are relatively familiar with traditional culture.One of common the cultures among the people are traditional healthcare.Originally, this culture is use and practiced in a kraton ( javanese kingdom neighborhood.erbal products have ) H been used to beauty care of kraton's ladies and maintain their health performance.It is important because a king always demand them to perform traditional dancing in front of him every day.Today , those traditional cultures disperse to s community in Yogyakarta (Torri 2012;Beers 2013).People may use herbal product to care their health.Based on this reason, this location as healthcare cluster.ata is defined D were captured in Yogyakarta capitol where healthcare are distributed at different location namely primary health facility services (clinic), secondary health facility services (hospital), herbal grocery stores, traditional community, and NGO.Many traditional healthcares in this cluster were serviced by traditional healers.
Commercialization Webster translate commercialization s as process to use something as an opportunity to earn money.Moreover, raw medicinal plants as material are turned into marketable goods with monetary exchange value.Mehrabi / et al (2013) defined commercialization as a process of .creating product that is suitable for a spe market with an cific acceptable price which can satisfy market needs.Furthermore, Kockelman (2006) defined commodity as material and non material product.Commercialization in this study means a process how raw materials of medicinal plant from production cluster exchange into other raw materials which people used them as beverages or traditional healthcare.Usually, the raw materials of medicinal plant in production cluster harvested wildly from MBNP.The are se wet raw materials should be dried before selling to other users and this process determine quality of raw material and s its price.Those conditions also lead instability price for users when rainy seasons come.Rotten and fungus infected raw materials occurs especially in the rainy seasons which e caus the supply of the raw materials quality decreased.As consequent, et al user always accept lower price (Zuhud . 2009;Bauri . 2015).et al In industry cluster, handling raw material of medicinal plants is better than in production cluster.Manufactures have specification processing and handling before raw on materials accepted from production cluster.Those processes should pass quality control section and test all ing of materials that are free from fungus, rotten and dirty materials in Indonesia.Even some industries sell s with those products to international c untr us advertis o ies ing ement and media to promote their products (Kitzberger 2012).It encourages positive image for herbal products and increase the value (Bhattacharjee 2012).These are the source of income for the manufacturer.They use the income to buy investment products i.e.
insurance, employee or family develop production technology.Briefly, in this cluster raw , materials of medicinal plant disperse and exchange in many form not only herbals or beverage products but also create an opportunity for user to invest on insurance products as other side benefit from those activities.
In healthcare cluster, traditional healers use dried raw materials of medicinal plant.They obtain the raw materials from traditional market and sometimes some suppliers send products to them.Healers, suppliers and traders of raw material create a good relationship among them and by that, intencity of raw material moves fluently in traditional healthcare arena.Actually, the relation has taken place for a long time.Many temples in Yogyakarta province describe reliefs how ancient traditional communities used raw materials of medicinal plant.The relief figure out relations between healers and their patients (Beers 2013).Until now, those relations continue and people always use healers as important parts of their daily lives.In some cases, the relations also develop in modern perspectives.Government supports by developing policies that raw material of medicinal plants could be researched and developed.By such policies, many medicinal plants products support quality of public health services.Although there are still products from traditional healthcare that have not reach a satisfying standard, but the policies have provided an opportunity for scientists to develop product furthermore.Today, Indonesian researchers have reached eight products categorized as clinical tested, but those are still not sufficient to fulfill traditional public health needs (Dewoto 2007).Many new and complex diseases of people have been formed and those also need some handling soon.It caused traditional healthcare still needs continuous researchs and financial support to produce the best quality of traditional medicinal plant products (Taylor 2002).

Actors behavior
study was focus on actor behavior The ed s as s driver for commercialization of medicinal plants processing (Hermans & Thiessen 2008;Reed . 2009;et al Nurrochmat . 2015).underlined that human behavior et al It is need to discuss in 3 clusters because those have correlations with commercialization of raw materials (Taylor 2002).It as also that human behavior and commercialization important will become political ecology problems in future, those since activities could be decreas medicinal plants resources if ed people continue their demand without control raw on materials (Bryan Bailey 1997) Transaction cost means all costs that people spend to get information about medicinal plants, including tax pricing, products development, and other cost related to product security (Tita . 2011).In this research, transaction cost et al methodology was used to know fixed cost and variable cost (Collins & Fabozzi 1991;Yustika 2006).Perception and motivation are variables which describe human interests (Febriani 2012).In some cases, those variables also become drivers for people to reach their purposes, i.e. harvesting medicinal plants from natural forest or from cultivation area.Webster dictionary defines perception as the way people think about or understand someone or something.Perception is also an important cognitive function at subconscious layers that determines personality (Wang 2007).Moreover, motivation is defined as act or process of giving someone a reason for doing something (Guay 2010;Lai et al. 2011).Terminology of "think" and "a reason" relatively have close correlation with interest.Interest is defined as individuals, people or group who defend their desire to B/C Ratio = Benefit Cost others.From that process, people build some strategies and concepts to achieve actual needs in real condition.
Interest is also restricted by real constraints such as rules, social structures, beliefs, religion, traditions and other motives which 'live' in social or material dimension (Shapiro 2006).By those definitions, it is assumed that people have various interest to utilize medicinal plant.Each interest represented their think and reason to get beneficiaries from those activities.It is also involved transaction cost when users earn some benefits.Data on interests were obtained by interview to respondents.Finally, the data were categorized into rows of user's perception and motivation.

Results and Discussion
Users of medicinal plants The result of this study showed that there were ten users in production cluster, nineteen users in healthcare clusters and twelve users in industry cluster who utilized medicinal plants.All users should be understood as stakeholders using raw material of medicinal plants in those clusters actively.Those activities flow from natural forest to end users in households sectors.They are most in healthcare cluster because this cluster captures basic service for households in traditional healthcare.They have important role as consumers of medicinal plants by created market of medicinal plants.Table 1 shows users of medicinal plants in three clusters and their perception and motivation to those products.

Benefit and transaction cost
Benefit and transaction cost are 2 variables which have correlated with commercialization of medicinal plant products by commerce activities.Table 2 shows distribution values of benefit cost and transaction cost variables.Benefit cost has been pointed by benefit cost ratio (BCR); while transaction costs have represented by other cost which users should pay more when they need to exchange products.This term also describes legal and illegal transaction among users to earn income.

Perception and motivation
Based on Table1, there are 41 stakeholders using medicinal plant products (Table 1).They are dispersing from production, industrial and traditional healthcare clusters which each stakeholder has an interest to use medicinal plants raw material.It means interest also reflects user's perception and motivation.Although their perception and motivation are differ, continually collection of medicinal plants from wild will affect their population in natural forest lead to in-sustainability of those species.By this reason, in Table 3, it is informed that stakeholder's perception and motivation have closely correlated with economic, social, sustainability and heritage values.Table 3 was derived from Table 1 by formulating into usage values and percentage of perception and motivation.
Based in the data in Table 3 indicated that economic value became the highest choice of stakeholders in production cluster.It has been shown by their perception and motivation values about 50 and 60 %, respectively.The economic value is the biggest interest among users in that cluster and also has the same choice in industrial cluster.The production and industry clusters have been connected to economic interest in medicinal plants activity, and by that argument, actually medicinal plants activity are part of medicinal plant commerce in Indonesia.Those specific connection influencing higher demand of medicinal plant.The MPRM continuously extracted from forest to fulfill the demand and it causing the numbers of raw materials also decreased in production cluster (Bukuluki et al. 2014).The key informant also argued that raw materials of medicine plant were more difficult to harvest in village periphery.Gatherers should go farther into deep forest and it means that they should spend more cost and time to get the raw materials.In this study, most harvesters never count their cost to reach raw materials even those are difficult, because their interest is only to earn income for their family.Generally harvesters never count their cost strictly because medicinal plants are traditional goods.They just planned how long they would be in forest to harvest raw materials and how many place of accommodation they need.Usually, harvesters live for 2 weeks in forest.After that, they sell the products directly to buyers who lived in their village and earn income for family (Magid et al. 2014).Harvester activities finish at this step.
There is a difference between farmers who plant medicinal plants in their land farm with the harvesters.Generally, for farmers and by this system plant specific species of medicinal plants i.e. ginger, curcuma and turmeric in their own land.Those species are only harvested in one day per year because those products become second income for farmers.Although they never go to forest, they have capacity to supply raw material of medicinal plants in huge numbers because they bound into group with 700 members producing same products.It is also created beneficiaries for farmers and by those system, they earn extra income from medicinal plant products.Table 3 is relatively still lower, stakeholders also have interests on sustainability.They thought that sustainability is an important term in their works.Except healthcare cluster, production and industry clusters to consider sustainability as an important issue because most of their income depends on forest product availability.Yet in this study, sustainability value in Table 3 is relatively still lower than economic value.It means that forest as provider of raw material of medicinal plant is still not considered as important value since forest did not supply economic goods for users.Even though there is an expectation in future that management of medicinal plant could be regenerated because users in two clusters have considered sustainability in their thought (Bukuluki et al. 2014).This situation will encourage users to maintenance their interest on medicinal plant products in order to provide in nature.Therefore, users also maintain their income.
In healthcare cluster, stakeholders have the highest perception and motivation in social activities i.e. 63.15 % and 68.4 %.It means that traditional healthcare by medicinal plants is important activity for them.Table 2 shows that stakeholders of traditional healthcare accept the highest benefit from those activities because traditional healthcare as an ancient tradition has lived for long time in Indonesian communities.Almost in every place, we would meet traditional healers who lived and serviced as "doctors" for their communities.People need them not only the healers have become "doctor" but also economic reason.Most of people often follow healers suggestion, especially poor people in the community.For them, traditional healer is a problem solver who helps them to get health services.It is very rationalistic for traditional community when modern healthcare is very expensive and very difficult to reach.In this term, a traditional healer has posed certain social structure in community.1 that cheap, safety, healthcare service and church social services are keywords in respondent comments.It answer the question, why in healthcare cluster that social activity has become dominant value.In fact, traditional healthcare still becomes traditional thought in their social life (Vandebroek et al. 2004).

BCR and transaction cost
In Table 2, the highest value in production cluster is farmers group but it has the lowest of transaction cost.It is reasonable because farmers have ability to manage their own land farm so that it provided them with ability to defend their rights to the land (Zhang 2000;Barron & Karpoff 2002;Liu 2004).Sometimes, some farmers use the TNMB land area and spent low cost into those land area because managers of TNMB and NGO also need local people to participate in their projects.One of important project in MBNP is rehabilitation land project which was continued and managed by NGO for more than twenty years.They build collaboration among MBNP, NGO and farmers group to conserve forest land area by planting multipurpose tree species (MPTS) such as medicinal plants, crop plants and others.In those projects, they designed medicinal plants mixing with crop plants and usually those activities were continued in three years.It concludes that by those projects, farmers have opportunities on earning in short time financial benefit in three years.It is promptly necessary because the manager expected, by those benefit, farmers to be under their controlled in order not to encroach forest land.After twenty years, this project gave impact to their collaboration which MBNP, NGO and farmers group have a same perception and motivation to conserve natural forest.This collaboration was able to meet such interest among managers and farmers group on economic and medicinal plants sustainability.
Other activities, there are medicinal plant harvesters and loggers actively harvesting natural resources from MBNP.By national law, medicinal plant harvesting is formally not illegal activities.It has been ruled in law Number 5/1990 about biodiversity and ecosystem and also national law number 41/1999 about forestry.It means that state supports medicinal plant harvesting in nature because those activities considered as traditional domain which local community earns income.Medicinal plant harvesters usually have already a specific plan to harvest medicinal plants within a year.It shows on Table 4 how harvesters have a schedule to harvest medicinal plants based on local seasons.
By the schedule, harvesters have certainty to earn income from medicinal plants and those also became a natural insurance for their family (Schreckenberg et al, 2006;Sill et al 2011;Dzerefos et al. 2012).It is important which harvesters and medicinal plants have a dependent relationship.Generally harvesters only pick mature parts of medicinal plants as raw materials.Those habbits become local wisdom to guarantee their sustainable benefit.In Table 2, it shows that harvesters have lowest transaction cost than other users.It means that harvesting medicinal plants from nature are actually more efficient than others.It is possible because harvesters do not spend much money to harvest medicinal plants in forest.They usually get the money from buyers.After harverters finish and sell raw materials of medicinal plant, buyers will cut part of harvester income as paying loan before they go to forest.Although the transaction cost is relatively not significant, it does not mean that sustainability of raw materials are not threatened in future.In view of low benefit value and low transaction cost, harvesters will pick more raw materials as consequence.These phenomena was found through the interview session with the harvester and indicated that some species of medicinal plants become scarce in MBNP recently.Furthermore, manager of MBNP and NGO should pay attention to the medicinal plant condition in MBNP.
In healthcare cluster and industry cluster, users who have highest benefit and transaction cost are patients of traditional healers and owners of modern herbal grocery store.Their score for benefit and transaction cost was continuously from 16.67 to 0 and from 10.91 to 0. It can be concluded that patients and owners of grocery store have benefit from social and business activities.Moreover, it is also indicated by 0 score of transaction cost which patients and owners of grocery store never spent money to manage their needs on medicinal plants (Zhang 2000;Barron & Karpoff 2002;Liu 2004).Based on interview result, those users have assisted by other stakeholder to get traditional healthcare services and to rent herbal grocery stores.It became a reason why their transaction cost was very limited and other stakeholders have built mutualism relations by those activities.Before using traditional healthcare, patients generally use modern healthcare to cure their illness, but they feel that this process moves slowly eventhough they spent much money especially when they must stay overnight at hospital.For patients, this condition burdens their financial condition very much.As an alternative, they try to use herbal traditional healthcare.Using herbal medicine, patients usually get a positive progress which their blood pressure tends to be normal.Thus, it helps them to reduce the risk of heart attack and even stroke.Recently, it is good news for patients that herbal medicine also usefull in healthcare services and relatively cheaper compared to modern healthcare.
The other relation is owners of modern herbal grocery stores.For them, herbal medicine is still a great opportunity to earn income after pension from their formal work.They use knowledge of herbal to create some beverages for young foreign communities in the market class.They usually earn income from those activities.Moreover, national newspapers capture their activities as a positive aspect.It becomes a benefit for them because they got a cooperation project with Japanese to develop their products remove furtherly.They also admitted that their products are expensive although they bought cheap raw materials from suppliers.For those 2 cases, it is argued that these conditions are similar, which herbals are benefit products to cure illness and to earn income.On the other hand, there are some considerations that herbals should have a level of safety standard on their products in healthcare and industry clusters.It is quite important because in other place in Jawa Island, there was a death case which was experienced by herbal consumers.At that case, producers mixed herbals with raw material of chemical medicine to get maximum cured impact for consumers.Although government has introduced policies to prevent such case from happening, but ironically it still happened in the herbal business.For businessmen, herbal is interesting business to earn huge income.Similar case has happened in Cilacap District, Jawa Island and the same actors were caught twice in pangea operation.In fact, the case never stops and still continue nowadays.By this case, herbal image has been at lower condition compared to chemical medicine.It also has disturbed traditional healthcare services in hospitals because there was distrust among patients and healers to cure their illness using traditional techniques by herbals.As a consequences, the herbal image has been tarnished compared to number of patients in modern hospitals is bigger than traditional clinic.These incidents also affect the traditional healthcare services.Therefore, there is a trend in higher number of patients in modern hospitals compare to traditional clinic.Trust relationship between healers and patients is absolutely more important to get optimum healthcare services (Vandebroek et.al. 2004) In Table 2, the lowest benefit has been owned by national newspapers.Based on interview to the officers, national newspapers actually subsidize a newspaper reader approximately IDR 2,000 per exemplar a day, with a number of production almost five hundred thousand newspapers a day.Although this newspaper is not their main business yet, but it was still printing every day because the newspaper gives people more information about government policy, society activities, economics, opinions, and others, includes herbals.This business has developed into a huge business such as bookstores, hotels, printings, advertising and highway toll, and by those, the loss of newspaper business could be subsidized.Table1 shows that the newspaper has a vision to report and develop small scale industries by their reporting.It is important for business because it provides employments, withstands shock economy and labor intensive.Furthermore, the newspaper hopes it will influence decision makers on developing medicinal policies (Kitzberger 2012).One example is that the Ministry of Agriculture has been involved along with Ministry of Health and other relevant stakeholders in discussion about herbal development which is never reported in newspaper.It helps the stakeholders to conduct comprehensive policy about herbal and medicinal plant management.By the time, various herbal policies have been arranged by stakeholders to get approval from parliament as national law of herbal management in Indonesia.
Related to the transaction, there are lump sum and ad valorem cost in production, industry and traditional healthcare clusters which also flow in legal or illegal transactions.In Table 5, transaction on raw materials of medicinal plant occurred in ad valorem and lump sum and at legal condition.It also describes that transactions cost in traditional healthcare and industrial clusters are legal transaction where raw materials of medicinal plant in those clusters are more institutional than in production cluster.Tax payment, commission and other payment have been regularly accounted by certain actors so that they have high certainty in this business.Yet, different situation occurred in production cluster.Illegal transaction cost still occurs where some actors harvested raw material of medicinal plant i.e.Pterospermum javanicum and Tectona grandis.P. javanicum produces sap besides wood.Moreover, leafs of T. grandis are also used for serving foods at remote area close to forest.Illegal transaction occurred in those species which actors used them as log timber because those logs have expensive price in logs market.Stealing from MBNP forest and it become a concern for the forest governance in MBNP.In conducting illegal activities, the actors already have networks of truck drivers, unethical police officers and forest rangers so that it is quite difficult to catch all of them by MBNP authority.This network is also helped them to get good information about law enforcement activities and to avoid legal authority.As a consequences, those actors must pay illegal transaction costs for the such informantion.This transaction also means protection cost for actors.Based on benefit and transaction cost described, there are asymmetric information where stakeholders in production cluster still faced illegal activities than other clusters (Schafsma et al. 2014).Commercialization of medicinal plant raw materials, in reality, is occurring in industrial and traditional healthcare clusters where stakeholders in those clusters are able to create demand of raw materials which are needed by their consumers.This commercialization also needs supports from stakeholders who lived and actively harvested raw materials of medicinal plant in production cluster so that replace of hose to those raw materials utilization will be reached by all stakeholders.
In production cluster, there were no open conflicts among stakeholders to utilize medicinal plants, although competition among them was also happened.Potentially conflicts were only occurred at stakeholder level who utilizes dual function of medicinal plants as explained before.Furthermore, stakeholders looked this situation as an institutional weakness of MBNP management to uphold rules which affected stakeholder's view to work on the right track.In Table 1, it is also seen that there were different motivation and perception among stakeholders which commerce interest was more important than sustainability.As consequence, this weakness will increase the transaction costs i.e. monitoring cost and maintenance cost which its existence addressing inefficiency of forest governance in MBNP (Kartodihardjo 2008).On the other hand, the existence of transaction costs also are needed by stakeholders to arrange the institution because there is no free charged for involving other stakeholders to participate in common interests (Mbuvi et al. 2015;Maryudi et al. 2011;Zhang 2000).One of good example which is parallel to that condition is developing share holder system in forest governance in China.Farmers and community forests are involved in common interests to manage their forest and to give impact for increasing certainty of forest governance (Zhang 2000).

Conclusion
It is concluded that commercialization of MPRM has involved many stakeholders who each stakeholder has different perception and motivation to utilize the raw materials.The stakeholder's perception and motivation in production and industrial clusters focused on economic interest and in traditional cluster is controlled by social interest.From 41 stakeholders involved in that clusters, stakeholders in traditional healthcare and stakeholders in industrial cluster have been able to manage their interests in commercing raw materials of medicinal plant better than production cluster.This situation made both clusters were more efficient rather than production cluster.There are two models of transaction cost in those clusters i.e. lump sum and ad valorem.The lump sum and ad valorem transactions in both traditional healthcare and industrial clusters have legal transactions compared to production cluster; hence these clusters are more manageable.Their transactions were also more efficient than those of in production cluster because there were no illegal activity where stakeholders must pay more to defend their property.In this situation, stakeholders in all clusters need institutionally arrangement to fix commercial system of raw materials of medicinal plant from MBNP in order to reach sustainability of medicinal plant utilization (Nurrochmat et.al. 2014).

Table 1 The
Users of Medicinal Plants Products and Their Perception and Motivation ISSN: 2087-0469 Although government has provided traditional healthcare in hospital (see healthcare law No. 36/2009 article 48), but number of patients getting traditional healthcare services is still a little.It is quite different with traditional healthcare clinics which have a big numbers of patients.For example, a number of patients in modern hospitals are approximately 51-750 persons a year and in traditional clinic are at least 4.000-90.000persons a year.The data was taken by interview to stakeholders in November 2014 August 2015, and those data indicate that traditional healthcare tends to social mainstream in this cluster.It also has closely correlation with user's perception and motivation in Table .